Passenger load management based on hotspot utilization

ABSTRACT

Communication network architectures, systems and methods for supporting a network of mobile nodes. As a non-limiting example, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems, and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable communication network comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This patent application makes reference to, claims priority to, and claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/409,564, filed on Oct. 18, 2016, and titled “Passenger Load Management Based On Hotspot Utilization,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present application is also related to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/221,997, titled “Integrated Communication Network for a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,016, titled “Systems and Methods for Synchronizing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,042, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,066, titled “Systems and Methods for Monitoring a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,077, titled “Systems and Methods for Detecting and Classifying Anomalies in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,098, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,121, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Connectivity a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,135, titled “Systems and Methods for Collecting Sensor Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,145, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,150, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a User of a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,168, titled “Systems and Methods for Data Storage and Processing for a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,183, titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicle Traffic Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,186, titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,190, titled “Systems and Methods for Port Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/222,192, titled “Communication Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,828, titled “Utilizing Historical Data to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,930, titled “Using Anchors to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,368, titled “Systems and Methods for Inter-Application Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,372, titled “Systems and Methods for Probing and Validating Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/250,544, titled “Adaptive Rate Control for Vehicular Networks,” filed on Nov. 4, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,878, titled “Systems and Methods for Reconfiguring and Adapting Hardware in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/253,249, titled “Systems and Methods for Optimizing Data Gathering in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 10, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,421, titled “Systems and Methods for Delay Tolerant Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 19, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/265,267, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Coverage and Throughput of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 9, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/270,858, titled “Channel Coordination in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,854, titled “Systems and Methods for Network Coded Mesh Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 20, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/260,749, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Fixed Access Point Coverage in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 30, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,715, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility Controllers and Their Network Interactions in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/281,432, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing and Triggering Handovers of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 21, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/268,188, titled “Captive Portal-related Control and Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 16, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/270,678, titled “Systems and Methods to Extrapolate High-Value Data from a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/272,750, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Software Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 30, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,662, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Configuration Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 14, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,243, titled “Systems and Methods for Adapting a Network of Moving Things Based on User Feedback,” filed on Jan. 22, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,764, titled “Systems and Methods to Guarantee Data Integrity When Building Data Analytics in a Network of Moving Things,” Jan. 14, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,515, titled “Systems and Methods for Self-Initialization and Automated Bootstrapping of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 25, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/295,602, titled “Systems and Methods for Power Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 16, 2016; and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/299,269, titled “Systems and Methods for Automating and Easing the Installation and Setup of the Infrastructure Supporting a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 24, 2016; each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Current communication networks are unable to adequately support communication environments involving mobile and static nodes. As a non-limiting example, current communication networks are unable to adequately support a network comprising a complex array of both moving and static nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things, autonomous vehicle networks, etc.). Limitations and disadvantages of conventional methods and systems will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such approaches with some aspects of the present methods and systems set forth in the remainder of this disclosure with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a metropolitan area network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIGS. 5A-5C show a plurality of network configurations illustrating the flexibility and/or and resiliency of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an example communication network, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an example communication network, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example in which a user having a wireless user device establishes a wireless communication session via the wireless communication service provided by a vehicle at a first location (X1, Y1), and ends the wireless communication session at a second location (X2, Y2), in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the relationship between vehicle speed and the duration of wireless communication sessions for users outside of a vehicle that is equipped to provide wireless communication service to user devices, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating an example received signal strength indicator (RSSI) curve representing the magnitude of a wireless signal received from a user device by a network element (e.g., OBU/MAP or FAP) during relative movement of the user device and the network element, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows an example graph representing in three dimensions, three characteristics of a user wireless communication session—an indicator of received signal strength (RSSI), wireless communication session duration, and vehicle speed, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 12A-12B each illustrate a sequence of regions that represent consecutive-in-time snapshots of the range of a wireless signal (e.g., Wi-Fi) provided by a vehicle (i.e., by an OBU/MAP located in an automobile, taxi, van, autonomous vehicle, etc.) upon detecting a user of a network of moving things, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of inferring the passenger load in a specific vehicle based on user wireless communication sessions, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY

Various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems and methods for supporting a network of mobile and/or static nodes. As a non-limiting example, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems, and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable communication network comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things, autonomous vehicle networks, etc.). For example, a communication network implemented in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may operate in one of a plurality of modalities comprising various fixed nodes, mobile nodes, and/or a combination thereof, which are selectable to achieve any of a variety of system goals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

As utilized herein the terms “circuits” and “circuitry” refer to physical electronic components (i.e., hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. As used herein, for example, a particular processor and memory (e.g., a volatile or non-volatile memory device, a general computer-readable medium, etc.) may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code. Additionally, a circuit may comprise analog and/or digital circuitry. Such circuitry may, for example, operate on analog and/or digital signals. It should be understood that a circuit may be in a single device or chip, on a single motherboard, in a single chassis, in a plurality of enclosures at a single geographical location, in a plurality of enclosures distributed over a plurality of geographical locations, etc. Similarly, the term “module” may, for example, refer to a physical electronic components (i.e., hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware.

As utilized herein, circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled, or not enabled (e.g., by a user-configurable setting, factory setting or trim, etc.).

As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”. As an example, “x and/or y” means any element of the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. That is, “x and/or y” means “one or both of x and y.” As another example, “x, y, and/or z” means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. That is, “x, y, and/or z” means “one or more of x, y, and z.” As utilized herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example,” “exemplary,” and the like set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “includes,” “comprising,” “including,” “has,” “have,” “having,” and the like when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, for example, a first element, a first component or a first section discussed below could be termed a second element, a second component or a second section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. Similarly, various spatial terms, such as “upper,” “lower,” “side,” and the like, may be used in distinguishing one element from another element in a relative manner. It should be understood, however, that components may be oriented in different manners, for example an electronic device may be turned sideways so that its “top” surface is facing horizontally and its “side” surface is facing vertically, without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

With the proliferation of the mobile and/or static things (e.g., devices, machines, people, etc.) and logistics for such things to become connected to each other (e.g., in the contexts of smart logistics, transportation, environmental sensing, etc.), a platform that is for example always-on, robust, scalable and secure that is capable of providing connectivity, services and Internet access to such things (or objects), anywhere and anytime is desirable. Efficient power utilization within the various components of such system is also desirable.

Accordingly, various aspects of the present disclosure provide a fully-operable, always-on, responsive, robust, scalable, secure platform/system/architecture to provide connectivity, services and Internet access to all mobile things and/or static things (e.g., devices, machines, people, access points, end user devices, sensors, etc.) anywhere and anytime, while operating in an energy-efficient manner.

Various aspects of the present disclosure provide a platform that is flexibly configurable and adaptable to the various requirements, features, and needs of different environments, where each environment may be characterized by a respective level of mobility and density of mobile and/or static things, and the number and/or types of access to those things. Characteristics of various environments may, for example, include high mobility of nodes (e.g., causing contacts or connections to be volatile), high number of neighbors, high number of connected mobile users, mobile access points, availability of multiple networks and technologies (e.g., sometimes within a same area), etc. For example, the mode of operation of the platform may be flexibly adapted from environment to environment, based on each environment's respective requirements and needs, which may be different from other environments. Additionally for example, the platform may be flexibly optimized (e.g., at design/installation time and/or in real-time) for different purposes (e.g., to reduce the latency, increase throughput, reduce power consumption, load balance, increase reliability, make more robust with regard to failures or other disturbances, etc.), for example based on the content, service or data that the platform provides or handles within a particular environment.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, many control and management services (e.g., mobility, security, routing, etc.) are provided on top of the platform (e.g., directly, using control overlays, using containers, etc.), such services being compatible with the services currently deployed on top of the Internet or other communication network(s).

The communication network (or platform), in whole or in part, may for example be operated in public and/or private modes of operation, for example depending on the use case. The platform may, for example, operate in a public or private mode of operation, depending on the use-case (e.g., public Internet access, municipal environment sensing, fleet operation, etc.).

Additionally for example, in an implementation in which various network components are mobile, the transportation and/or signal control mechanisms may be adapted to serve the needs of the particular implementation. Also for example, wireless transmission power and/or rate may be adapted (e.g., to mitigate interference, to reduce power consumption, to extend the life of network components, etc.

Various example implementations of a platform, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, are capable of connecting different subsystems, even when various other subsystems that may normally be utilized are unavailable. For example, the platform may comprise various built-in redundancies and fail-recovery mechanisms. For example, the platform may comprise a self-healing capability, self-configuration capability, self-adaptation capability, etc. The protocols and functions of the platform may, for example, be prepared to be autonomously and smoothly configured and adapted to the requirements and features of different environments characterized by different levels of mobility and density of things (or objects), the number/types of access to those things. For example, various aspects of the platform may gather context parameters that can influence any or all decisions. Such parameters may, for example, be derived locally, gathered from a neighborhood, fixed APs, the Cloud, etc. Various aspects of the platform may also, for example, ask for historical information to feed any of the decisions, where such information can be derived from historical data, from surveys, from simulators, etc. Various aspects of the platform may additionally, for example, probe or monitor decisions made throughout the network, for example to evaluate the network and/or the decisions themselves in real-time. Various aspects of the platform may further, for example, enforce the decisions in the network (e.g., after evaluating the probing results). Various aspects of the platform may, for example, establish thresholds to avoid any decision that is to be constantly or repeatedly performed without any significant advantage (e.g., technology change, certificate change, IP change, etc.). Various aspects of the platform may also, for example, learn locally (e.g., with the decisions performed) and dynamically update the decisions.

In addition to (or instead of) failure robustness, a platform may utilize multiple connections (or pathways) that exist between distinct sub-systems or elements within the same sub-system, to increase the robustness and/or load-balancing of the system.

The following discussion will present examples of the functionality performed by various example subsystems of the communication network. It should be understood that the example functionality discussed herein need not be performed by the particular example subsystem or by a single subsystem. For example, the subsystems present herein may interact with each other, and data or control services may be deployed either in a centralized way, or having their functionalities distributed among the different subsystems, for example leveraging the cooperation between the elements of each subsystem.

Various aspects of the present disclosure provide a communication network (e.g., a city-wide vehicular network, a shipping port-sized vehicular network, a campus-wide vehicular network, etc.) that utilizes vehicles (e.g., automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, forklifts, human-operated vehicles, autonomous and/or remote controlled vehicles, etc.) as Wi-Fi hotspots. Note that Wi-Fi is generally used throughout this discussion as an example, but the scope of various aspects of this disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, other wireless LAN technologies, PAN technologies, MAN technologies, etc., may be utilized. Such utilization may, for example, provide cost-effective ways to gather substantial amounts of urban data, and provide for the efficient offloading of traffic from congested cellular networks (or other networks). In controlled areas (e.g., ports, harbors, etc.) with many vehicles, a communication network in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure may expand the wireless coverage of existing enterprise Wi-Fi networks, for example providing for real-time communication with vehicle drivers (e.g., human, computer-controlled, etc.) and other mobile employees without the need for SIM cards or cellular (or other network) data plans.

Vehicles may have many advantageous characteristics that make them useful as Wi-Fi (or general wireless) hotspots. For example, vehicles generally have at least one battery, vehicles are generally densely spread over the city at street level and/or they are able to establish many contacts with each other in a controlled space, and vehicles can communicate with 10x the range of normal Wi-Fi in the 5.9 GHz frequency band, reserved for intelligent transportation systems in the EU, the U.S., and elsewhere. Note that the scope of this disclosure is not limited to such 5.9 GHz wireless communication. Further, vehicles are able to effectively expand their coverage area into a swath over a period of time, enabling a single vehicle access point to interact with substantially more data sources over the period of time.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an affordable multi-network on-board unit (OBU) is presented. Note that the OBU may also be referred to herein as a mobile access point, Mobile AP, MAP, etc. The OBU may, for example, comprise a plurality of networking interfaces (e.g., Wi-Fi, 802.11p, 4G, Bluetooth, UWB, etc.). The OBU may, for example, be readily installed in or on private and/or public vehicles (e.g., individual user vehicles, vehicles of private fleets, vehicles of public fleets, etc.). The OBU may, for example, be installed in transportation fleets, waste management fleets, law enforcement fleets, emergency services, road maintenance fleets, taxi fleets, aircraft fleets, etc. The OBU may, for example, be installed in or on a vehicle or other structure with free mobility or relatively limited mobility. The OBU may also, for example, be carried by a person or service animal, mounted to a bicycle, mounted to a moving machine in general, mounted to a container, etc.

The OBUs may, for example, operate to connect passing vehicles to the wired infrastructure of one or more network providers, telecom operators, etc. In accordance with the architecture, hardware, and software functionality discussed herein, vehicles and fleets can be connected not just to the cellular networks (or other wide area or metropolitan area networks, etc.) and existing Wi-Fi hotspots spread over a city or a controlled space, but also to other vehicles (e.g., utilizing multi-hop communications to a wired infrastructure, single or multi-hop peer-to-peer vehicle communication, etc.). The vehicles and/or fleets may, for example, form an overall mesh of communication links, for example including the OBUs and also fixed Access Points (APs) connected to the wired infrastructure (e.g., a local infrastructure, etc.). Note that OBUs herein may also be referred to as “Mobile APs,” “mobile hotspots,” “MAPs,” etc. Also note that fixed access points may also be referred to herein as Road Side Units (RSUs), Fixed APs, FAPs, etc.

In an example implementation, the OBUs may communicate with the Fixed APs utilizing a relatively long-range protocol (e.g., 802.11p, etc.), and the Fixed APs may, in turn, be hard wired to the wired infrastructure (e.g., via cable, tethered optical link, etc.). Note that Fixed APs may also, or alternatively, be coupled to the infrastructure via wireless link (e.g., 802.11p, etc.). Additionally, clients or user devices may communicate with the OBUs using one or more relatively short-range protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, UWB, etc.). The OBUs, for example having a longer effective wireless communication range than typical Wi-Fi access points or other wireless LAN/PAN access points (e.g., at least for links such as those based on 802.11p, etc.), are capable of substantially greater coverage areas than typical Wi-Fi or other wireless LAN/PAN access points, and thus fewer OBUs are necessary to provide blanket coverage over a geographical area.

The OBU may, for example, comprise a robust vehicular networking module (e.g., a connection manager) which builds on long-range communication protocol capability (e.g., 802.11p, etc.). For example, in addition to comprising 802.11p (or other long-range protocol) capability to communicate with Fixed APs, vehicles, and other nodes in the network, the OBU may comprise a network interface (e.g., 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, any combination thereof, etc.) to provide wireless local area network (WLAN) connectivity to end user devices, sensors, fixed Wi-Fi access points, etc. For example, the OBU may operate to provide in-vehicle Wi-Fi Internet access to users in and/or around the vehicle (e.g., a bus, train car, taxi cab, public works vehicle, etc.). The OBU may further comprise one or more wireless backbone communication interfaces (e.g., cellular network interfaces, etc.). Though in various example scenarios, a cellular network interface (or other wireless backbone communication interface) might not be the preferred interface for various reasons (e.g., cost, power, bandwidth, etc.), the cellular network interface may be utilized to provide connectivity in geographical areas that are not presently supported by a Fixed AP, may be utilized to provide a fail-over communication link, may be utilized for emergency communications, may be utilized to subscribe to local infrastructure access, etc. The cellular network interface may also, for example, be utilized to allow the deployment of solutions that are dependent on the cellular network operators.

An OBU, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, may for example comprise a smart connection manager that can select the best available wireless link(s) (e.g., Wi-Fi, 802.11p, cellular, vehicle mesh, etc.) with which to access the Internet. The OBU may also, for example, provide geo-location capabilities (e.g., GPS, etc.), motion detection sensors to determine if the vehicle is in motion, and a power control subsystem (e.g., to ensure that the OBU does not deplete the vehicle battery, etc.). The OBU may, for example, comprise any or all of the sensors (e.g., environmental sensors, etc.) discussed herein.

The OBU may also, for example, comprise a manager that manages machine-to-machine data acquisition and transfer (e.g., in a real-time or delay-tolerant fashion) to and from the cloud. For example, the OBU may log and/or communicate information of the vehicles.

The OBU may, for example, comprise a connection and/or routing manager that operates to perform routing of communications in a vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastructure multi-hop communication. A mobility manager (or controller, MC) may, for example, ensure that communication sessions persist over one or more handoff(s) (also referred to herein as a “handover” or “handovers”) (e.g., between different Mobile APs, Fixed APs, base stations, hot spots, etc.), among different technologies (e.g., 802.11p, cellular, Wi-Fi, satellite, etc.), among different MCs (e.g., in a fail-over scenario, load redistribution scenario, etc.), across different interfaces (or ports), etc. Note that the MC may also be referred to herein as a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA), a Network Controller, etc. Note that the MC, or a plurality thereof, may for example be implemented as part of the backbone, but may also, or alternatively, be implemented as part of any of a variety of components or combinations thereof. For example, the MC may be implemented in a Fixed AP (or distributed system thereof), as part of an OBU (or a distributed system thereof), etc. Various non-limiting examples of system components and/or methods are provided in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/222,098, filed Sep. 22, 2015, and titled “Systems and Method for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Note that in an example implementation including a plurality of MCs, such MCs may be co-located and/or may be geographically distributed.

Various aspects of the present disclosure also provide a cloud-based service-oriented architecture that handles the real-time management, monitoring and reporting of the network and clients, the functionalities required for data storage, processing and management, the Wi-Fi client authentication and Captive Portal display, etc.

A communication network (or component thereof) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may, for example, support a wide range of smart city applications (or controlled scenarios, or connected scenarios, etc.) and/or use-cases, as described herein.

For example, an example implementation may operate to turn each vehicle (e.g., both public and private taxis, buses, trucks, etc.) into a Mobile AP (e.g., a mobile Wi-Fi hotspot), offering Internet access to employees, passengers and mobile users travelling in the city, waiting in bus stops, sitting in parks, etc. Moreover, through an example vehicular mesh network formed between vehicles and/or fleets of vehicles, an implementation may be operable to offload cellular traffic through the mobile Wi-Fi hotspots and/or fixed APs (e.g., 802.11p-based APs) spread over the city and connected to the wired infrastructure of public or private telecom operators in strategic places, while ensuring the widest possible coverage at the lowest possible cost.

An example implementation (e.g., of a communication network and/or components thereof) may, for example, be operable as a massive urban scanner that gathers large amounts of data (e.g., continuously) on-the-move, actionable or not, generated by a myriad of sources spanning from the in-vehicle sensors or On Board Diagnostic System port (e.g., OBD2, etc.), interface with an autonomous vehicle driving system, external Wi-Fi/Bluetooth-enabled sensing units spread over the city, devices of vehicles' drivers and passengers (e.g., information characterizing such devices and/or passengers, etc.), positioning system devices (e.g., position information, velocity information, trajectory information, travel history information, etc.), etc.

Depending on the use case, the OBU may for example process (or computer, transform, manipulate, aggregate, summarize, etc.) the data before sending the data from the vehicle, for example providing the appropriate granularity (e.g., value resolution) and sampling rates (e.g., temporal resolution) for each individual application. For example, the OBU may, for example, process the data in any manner deemed advantageous by the system. The OBU may, for example, send the collected data (e.g., raw data, preprocessed data, information of metrics calculated based on the collected data, etc.) to the Cloud (e.g., to one or more networked servers coupled to any portion of the network) in an efficient and reliable manner to improve the efficiency, environmental impact and social value of municipal city operations and transportation services. Various example use cases are described herein.

In an example scenario in which public buses are moving along city routes and/or taxis are performing their private transportation services, the OBU is able to collect large quantities of real-time data from the positioning systems (e.g., GPS, etc.), from accelerometer modules, etc. The OBU may then, for example, communicate such data to the Cloud, where the data may be processed, reported and viewed, for example to support such public or private bus and/or taxi operations, for example supporting efficient remote monitoring and scheduling of buses and taxis, respectively.

In an example implementation, small cameras (or other sensors) may be coupled to small single-board computers (SBCs) that are placed above the doors of public buses to allow capturing image sequences of people entering and leaving buses, and/or on stops along the bus routes in order to estimate the number of people waiting for a bus. Such data may be gathered by the OBU in order to be sent to the Cloud. With such data, public transportation systems may detect peaks; overcrowded buses, routes and stops; underutilized buses, routes and stops; etc., enabling action to be taken in real-time (e.g., reducing bus periodicity to decrease fuel costs and CO₂ emissions where and when passenger flows are smaller, etc.) as well as detecting systematic transportation problems.

An OBU may, for example, be operable to communicate with any of a variety of Wi-Fi-enabled sensor devices equipped with a heterogeneous collection of environmental sensors. Such sensors may, for example, comprise noise sensors (microphones, etc.), gas sensors (e.g., sensing CO, NO₂, O₃, volatile organic compounds (or VOCs), CO₂, etc.), smoke sensors, pollution sensors, meteorological sensors (e.g., sensing temperature, humidity, luminosity, particles, solar radiation, wind speed (e.g., anemometer), wind direction, rain (e.g., a pluviometer), optical scanners, biometric scanners, cameras, microphones, etc.). Such sensors may also comprise sensors associated with users (e.g., vehicle operators or passengers, passersby, etc.) and/or their personal devices (e.g., smart phones or watches, biometrics sensors, wearable sensors, implanted sensors, etc.). Such sensors may, for example, comprise sensors and/or systems associated with on-board diagnostic (OBD) units for vehicles, autonomous vehicle driving systems, etc. Such sensors may, for example, comprise positioning sensors (e.g., GPS sensors, Galileo sensors, GLONASS sensors, etc.). Note that such positioning sensors may be part of a vehicle's operational system (e.g., a local human-controlled vehicle, an autonomous vehicle, a remote human-controlled vehicle, etc.) Such sensors may, for example, comprise container sensors (e.g., garbage can sensors, shipping container sensors, container environmental sensors, container tracking sensors, etc.).

Once a vehicle enters the vicinity of such a sensor device, a wireless link may be established, so that the vehicle (or OBU thereof) can collect sensor data from the sensor device and upload the collected data to a database in the Cloud. The appropriate action can then be taken. In an example waste management implementation, several waste management (or collection) trucks may be equipped with OBUs that are able to periodically communicate with sensors installed on containers in order to gather information about waste level, time passed since last collection, etc. Such information may then sent to the Cloud (e.g., to a waste management application coupled to the Internet, etc.) through the vehicular mesh network, in order to improve the scheduling and/or routing of waste management trucks. Note that various sensors may always be in range of the Mobile AP (e.g., vehicle-mounted sensors). Note that the sensor may also (or alternatively) be mobile (e.g., a sensor mounted to another vehicle passing by a Mobile AP or Fixed AP, a drone-mounted sensor, a pedestrian-mounted sensor, etc.).

In an example implementation, for example in a controlled space (e.g., a port, harbor, airport, factory, plantation, mine, etc.) with many vehicles, machines and employees, a communication network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may expand the wireless coverage of enterprise and/or local Wi-Fi networks, for example without resorting to a Telco-dependent solution based on SIM cards or cellular fees. In such an example scenario, apart from avoiding expensive cellular data plans, limited data rate and poor cellular coverage in some places, a communication network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure is also able to collect and/or communicate large amounts of data, in a reliable and real-time manner, where such data may be used to optimize harbor logistics, transportation operations, etc.

For example in a port and/or harbor implementation, by gathering real-time information on the position, speed, fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions of the vehicles, the communication network allows a port operator to improve the coordination of the ship loading processes and increase the throughput of the harbor. Also for example, the communication network enables remote monitoring of drivers' behaviors, behaviors of autonomous vehicles and/or control systems thereof, trucks' positions and engines' status, and then be able to provide real-time notifications to drivers (e.g., to turn on/off the engine, follow the right route inside the harbor, take a break, etc.), for example human drivers and/or automated vehicle driving systems, thus reducing the number and duration of the harbor services and trips. Harbor authorities may, for example, quickly detect malfunctioning trucks and abnormal trucks' circulation, thus avoiding accidents in order to increase harbor efficiency, security, and safety. Additionally, the vehicles can also connect to Wi-Fi access points from harbor local operators, and provide Wi-Fi Internet access to vehicles' occupants and surrounding harbor employees, for example allowing pilots to save time by filing reports via the Internet while still on the water.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a communication network 100, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. Any or all of the functionality discussed herein may be performed by any or all of the example components of the example network 100. Also, the example network 100 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 200, 300, 400, 500-570, and 600, discussed herein.

The example network 100, for example, comprises a Cloud that may, for example comprise any of a variety of network level components. The Cloud may, for example, comprise any of a variety of server systems executing applications that monitor and/or control components of the network 100. Such applications may also, for example, manage the collection of information from any of a large array of networked information sources, many examples of which are discussed herein. The Cloud (or a portion thereof) may also be referred to, at times, as an API. For example, Cloud (or a portion thereof) may provide one or more application programming interfaces (APIs) which other devices may use for communicating/interacting with the Cloud.

An example component of the Cloud may, for example, manage interoperability with various multi-cloud systems and architectures. Another example component (e.g., a Cloud service component) may, for example, provide various cloud services (e.g., captive portal services, authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services, API Gateway services, etc.). An additional example component (e.g., a DevCenter component) may, for example, provide network monitoring and/or management functionality, manage the implementation of software updates, etc. A further example component of the Cloud may manage data storage, data analytics, data access, etc. A still further example component of the Cloud may include any of a variety of third-partly applications and services.

The Cloud may, for example, be coupled to the Backbone/Core Infrastructure of the example network 100 via the Internet (e.g., utilizing one or more Internet Service Providers). Though the Internet is provided by example, it should be understood that scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

The Backbone/Core may, for example, comprise any one or more different communication infrastructure components. For example, one or more providers may provide backbone networks or various components thereof. As shown in the example network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1, a Backbone provider may provide wireline access (e.g., PSTN, fiber, cable, etc.). Also for example, a Backbone provider may provide wireless access (e.g., Microwave, LTE/Cellular, 5G/TV Spectrum, etc.).

The Backbone/Core may also, for example, comprise one or more Local Infrastructure Providers. The Backbone/Core may also, for example, comprise a private infrastructure (e.g., run by the network 100 implementer, owner, etc.). The Backbone/Core may, for example, provide any of a variety of Backbone Services (e.g., AAA, Mobility, Monitoring, Addressing, Routing, Content services, Gateway Control services, etc.).

The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may comprise any of a variety of characteristics, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, the Backbone/Core may be compatible with different wireless or wired technologies for backbone access. The Backbone/Core may also be adaptable to handle public (e.g., municipal, city, campus, etc.) and/or private (e.g., ports, campus, etc.) network infrastructures owned by different local providers, and/or owned by the network implementer or stakeholder. The Backbone/Core may, for example, comprise and/or interface with different Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) mechanisms.

The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may, for example, support different modes of operation (e.g., L2 in port implementations, L3 in on-land public transportation implementations, utilizing any one or more of a plurality of different layers of digital IP networking, any combinations thereof, equivalents thereof, etc.) or addressing pools. The Backbone/Core may also for example, be agnostic to the Cloud provider(s) and/or Internet Service Provider(s). Additionally for example, the Backbone/Core may be agnostic to requests coming from any or all subsystems of the network 100 (e.g., Mobile APs or OBUs (On Board Units), Fixed APs or RSUs (Road Side Units), MCs (Mobility Controllers) or LMAs (Local Mobility Anchors) or Network Controllers, etc.) and/or third-party systems.

The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may, for example, comprise the ability to utilize and/or interface with different data storage/processing systems (e.g., MongoDB, MySql, Redis, etc.). The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may further, for example, provide different levels of simultaneous access to the infrastructure, services, data, etc.

The example network 100 may also, for example, comprise a Fixed Hotspot Access Network. Various example characteristics of such a Fixed Hotspot Access Network 200 are shown at FIG. 2. The example network 200 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 300, 400, 500-570, and 600, discussed herein n.

In the example network 200, the Fixed APs (e.g., the proprietary APs, the public third party APs, the private third party APs, etc.) may be directly connected to the local infrastructure provider and/or to the wireline/wireless backbone. Also for example, the example network 200 may comprise a mesh between the various APs via wireless technologies. Note, however, that various wired technologies may also be utilized depending on the implementation. As shown, different fixed hotspot access networks can be connected to a same backbone provider, but may also be connected to different respective backbone providers. In an example implementation utilizing wireless technology for backbone access, such an implementation may be relatively fault tolerant. For example, a Fixed AP may utilize wireless communications to the backbone network (e.g., cellular, 3G, LTE, other wide or metropolitan area networks, etc.) if the backhaul infrastructure is down. Also for example, such an implementation may provide for relatively easy installation (e.g., a Fixed AP with no cable power source that can be placed virtually anywhere).

In the example network 200, the same Fixed AP can simultaneously provide access to multiple Fixed APs, Mobile APs (e.g., vehicle OBUs, etc.), devices, user devices, sensors, things, etc. For example, a plurality of mobile hotspot access networks (e.g., OBU-based networks, etc.) may utilize the same Fixed AP. Also for example, the same Fixed AP can provide a plurality of simultaneous accesses to another single unit (e.g., another Fixed AP, Mobile AP, device, etc.), for example utilizing different channels, different radios, etc.).

Note that a plurality of Fixed APs may be utilized for fault-tolerance/fail-recovery purposes. In an example implementation, a Fixed AP and its fail-over AP may both be normally operational (e.g., in a same switch). Also for example, one or more Fixed APs may be placed in the network at various locations in an inactive or monitoring mode, and ready to become operational when needed (e.g., in response to a fault, in response to an emergency services need, in response to a data surge, etc.).

Referring back to FIG. 1, the example Fixed Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Devices, and to the Environment. Also, the example Fixed Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wired communication link to one or more Backbone Providers, to the Mobile Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Devices, and to the Environment. The Environment may comprise any of a variety of devices (e.g., in-vehicle networks, devices, and sensors; autonomous vehicle networks, devices, and sensors; maritime (or watercraft) and port networks, devices, and sensors; general controlled-space networks, devices, and sensors; residential networks, devices, and sensors; disaster recovery & emergency networks, devices, and sensors; military and aircraft networks, devices, and sensors; smart city networks, devices, and sensors; event (or venue) networks, devices, and sensors; underwater and underground networks, devices, and sensors; agricultural networks, devices, and sensors; tunnel (auto, subway, train, etc.) networks, devices, and sensors; parking networks, devices, and sensors; security and surveillance networks, devices, and sensors; shipping equipment and container networks, devices, and sensors; environmental control or monitoring networks, devices, and sensors; municipal networks, devices, and sensors; waste management networks, devices, and sensors, road maintenance networks, devices, and sensors, traffic management networks, devices, and sensors; advertising networks, devices and sensors; etc.).

The example network 100 of FIG. 1 also comprises a Mobile Hotspot Access Network. Various example characteristics of such a Mobile Hotspot Access Network 300 are shown at FIG. 3. Note that various fixed network components (e.g., Fixed APs) are also illustrated. The example network 300 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 400, 500-570, and 600, discussed herein.

The example network 300 comprises a wide variety of Mobile APs (or hotspots) that provide access to user devices, provide for sensor data collection, provide multi-hop connectivity to other Mobile APs, etc. For example, the example network 300 comprises vehicles from different fleets (e.g., aerial, terrestrial, underground, (under)water, etc.). For example, the example network 300 comprises one or more mass distribution/transportation fleets, one or more mass passenger transportation fleets, private/public shared-user fleets, private vehicles, urban and municipal fleets, maintenance fleets, drones, watercraft (e.g., boats, ships, speedboats, tugboats, barges, etc.), emergency fleets (e.g., police, ambulance, firefighter, etc.), etc.

The example network 300, for example, shows vehicles from different fleets directly connected and/or mesh connected, for example using same or different communication technologies. The example network 300 also shows fleets simultaneously connected to different Fixed APs, which may or may not belong to different respective local infrastructure providers. As a fault-tolerance mechanism, the example network 300 may for example comprise the utilization of long-range wireless communication network (e.g., cellular, 3G, 4G, LTE, etc.) in vehicles if the local network infrastructure is down or otherwise unavailable. A same vehicle (e.g., Mobile AP or OBU) can simultaneously provide access to multiple vehicles, devices, things, etc., for example using a same communication technology (e.g., shared channels and/or different respective channels thereof) and/or using a different respective communication technology for each. Also for example, a same vehicle can provide multiple accesses to another vehicle, device, thing, etc., for example using a same communication technology (e.g., shared channels and/or different respective channels thereof, and/or using a different communication technology).

Additionally, multiple network elements may be connected together to provide for fault-tolerance or fail recovery, increased throughput, or to achieve any or a variety of a client's networking needs, many of examples of which are provided herein. For example, two Mobile APs (or OBUs) may be installed in a same vehicle, etc.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the example Mobile Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Device, and to the Environment (e.g., to any one of more of the sensors or systems discussed herein, any other device or machine, etc.). Though the Mobile Hotspot Access Network is not shown having a wired link to the various other components, there may (at least at times) be such a wired link, at least temporarily.

The example network 100 of FIG. 1 also comprises a set of End-User Devices. Various example end user devices are shown at FIG. 4. Note that various other network components (e.g., Fixed Hotspot Access Networks, Mobile Hotspot Access Network(s), the Backbone/Core, etc.) are also illustrated. The example network 400 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 300, 500-570, and 600, discussed herein.

The example network 400 shows various mobile networked devices. Such network devices may comprise end-user devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, laptop computers, webcams, personal gaming devices, personal navigation devices, personal media devices, personal cameras, health-monitoring devices, personal location devices, monitoring panels, printers, etc.). Such networked devices may also comprise any of a variety of devices operating in the general environment, where such devices might not for example be associated with a particular user (e.g. any or all of the sensor devices discussed herein, vehicle sensors, municipal sensors, fleet sensors road sensors, environmental sensors, security sensors, traffic sensors, waste sensors, meteorological sensors, any of a variety of different types of municipal or enterprise equipment, etc.). Any of such networked devices can be flexibly connected to distinct backbone, fixed hotspot access networks, mobile hotspot access networks, etc., using the same or different wired/wireless technologies.

A mobile device may, for example, operate as an AP to provide simultaneous access to multiple devices/things, which may then form ad hoc networks, interconnecting devices ultimately connected to distinct backbone networks, fixed hotspot, and/or mobile hotspot access networks. Devices (e.g., any or all of the devices or network nodes discussed herein) may, for example, have redundant technologies to access distinct backbone, fixed hotspot, and/or mobile hotspot access networks, for example for fault-tolerance and/or load-balancing purposes (e.g., utilizing multiple SIM cards, etc.). A device may also, for example, simultaneously access distinct backbone, fixed hotspot access networks, and/or mobile hotspot access networks, belonging to the same provider or to different respective providers. Additionally for example, a device can provide multiple accesses to another device/thing (e.g., via different channels, radios, etc.).

Referring back to FIG. 1, the example End-User Devices are shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, and to the Environment. Also for example, the example End-User Devices are shown with a wired communication link to a backbone provider, to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, and to the Environment.

The example network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 has a flexible architecture that is adaptable at implementation time (e.g., for different use cases) and/or adaptable in real-time, for example as network components enter and leave service. FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate such flexibility by providing example modes (or configurations). The example networks 500-570 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 300, 400, and 600, discussed herein. For example and without limitation, any or all of the communication links (e.g., wired links, wireless links, etc.) shown in the example networks 500-570 are generally analogous to similarly positioned communication links shown in the example network 100 of FIG. 1.

For example, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems, and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable communication network comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things). For example, a communication network implemented in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may operate in one of a plurality of modalities comprising various fixed nodes, mobile nodes, and/or a combination thereof, which are selectable to yield any of a variety of system goals (e.g., increased throughput, reduced latency and packet loss, increased availability and robustness of the system, extra redundancy, increased responsiveness, increased security in the transmission of data and/or control packets, reduced number of configuration changes by incorporating smart thresholds (e.g., change of technology, change of certificate, change of IP, etc.), providing connectivity in dead zones or zones with difficult access, reducing the costs for maintenance and accessing the equipment for updating/upgrading, etc.). At least some of such modalities may, for example, be entirely comprised of fixed-position nodes, at least temporarily if not permanently.

For illustrative simplicity, many of the example aspects shown in the example system or network 100 of FIG. 1 (and other Figures herein) are omitted from FIGS. 5A-5C, but may be present. For example, the Cloud, Internet, and ISP aspects shown in FIG. 1 and in other Figures are not explicitly shown in FIGS. 5A-5C, but may be present in any of the example configurations (e.g., as part of the backbone provider network or coupled thereto, as part of the local infrastructure provider network or coupled thereto, etc.).

For example, the first example mode 500 is presented as a normal execution mode, for example a mode (or configuration) in which all of the components discussed herein are present. For example, the communication system in the first example mode 500 comprises a backbone provider network, a local infrastructure provider network, a fixed hotspot access network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5A, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode 500 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via a wired link. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links.

Also shown in FIG. 5A, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode 500 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network via one or more wireless (or non-tethered) links.

Though not shown in the first example mode 500 (or any of the example modes of FIGS. 5A-5C), one or more servers may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network and/or the local infrastructure network. FIG. 1 provides an example of cloud servers being communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network via the Internet.

As additionally shown in FIG. 5A, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode 500 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links.

Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode 500 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link shown in the first example mode 500 of FIG. 5A between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless.

The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the first example mode 500 to be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network, the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Additionally, the mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the first example mode 500 to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the first example mode 500 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Note that in various example implementations any of such wireless links may instead (or in addition) comprise a wired (or tethered) link.

In the first example mode 500 (e.g., the normal mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a computer system) via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network, fixed hotspot access network, and/or local infrastructure provider network).

Similarly, in the first example mode 500 (e.g., the normal mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network and/or backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc.

For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network, fixed hotspot access network, and/or local infrastructure provider network). Additionally for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or fixed hotspot access network).

As discussed herein, the example networks presented herein are adaptively configurable to operate in any of a variety of different modes (or configurations). Such adaptive configuration may occur at initial installation and/or during subsequent controlled network evolution (e.g., adding or removing any or all of the network components discussed herein, expanding or removing network capacity, adding or removing coverage areas, adding or removing services, etc.). Such adaptive configuration may also occur in real-time, for example in response to real-time changes in network conditions (e.g., networks or components thereof being available or not based on vehicle or user-device movement, network or component failure, network or component replacement or augmentation activity, network overloading, etc.). The following example modes are presented to illustrate characteristics of various modes in which a communication system may operate in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The following example modes will generally be discussed in relation to the first example mode 500 (e.g., the normal execution mode). Note that such example modes are merely illustrative and not limiting.

The second example mode (or configuration) 510 (e.g., a no backbone available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode 500, albeit without the backbone provider network and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the second example mode 510 comprises a local infrastructure provider network, a fixed hotspot access network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5A, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the second example mode 510 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links.

Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the second example mode 510 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link(s) shown in the second example mode 510 of FIG. 5A between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless.

The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the second example mode 510 to be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network, the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Additionally, the mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the second example mode 510 to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the second example mode 510 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Note that in various example implementations any of such wireless links may instead (or in addition) comprise a wired (or tethered) link.

In the second example mode 510 (e.g., the no backbone available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a computer, etc.) via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, and/or the local infrastructure provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or fixed hotspot access network).

Similarly, in the second example mode 510 (e.g., the no backbone available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, and/or the local infrastructure provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc.

For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or fixed hotspot access network).

The second example mode 510 may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, due to security and/or privacy goals, the second example mode 510 may be utilized so that communication access to the public Cloud systems, the Internet in general, etc., is not allowed. For example, all network control and management functions may be within the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., wired local network, etc.) and/or the fixed access point network.

In an example implementation, the communication system might be totally owned, operated and/or controlled by a local port authority. No extra expenses associated with cellular connections need be spent. For example, cellular connection capability (e.g., in Mobile APs, Fixed APs, end user devices, environment devices, etc.) need not be provided. Note also that the second example mode 510 may be utilized in a scenario in which the backbone provider network is normally available but is currently unavailable (e.g., due to server failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.).

The third example mode (or configuration) 520 (e.g., a no local infrastructure and fixed hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode 500, albeit without the local infrastructure provider network, the fixed hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the third example mode 520 comprises a backbone provider network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5A, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the third example mode 520 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links.

Also shown in FIG. 5A, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the third example mode 520 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links.

The mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the third example mode 520 to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the third example mode 520 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Note that in various example implementations any of such wireless links may instead (or in addition) comprise a wired (or tethered) link.

In the third example mode 520 (e.g., the no local infrastructure and fixed hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a computer, etc.) via the mobile hotspot access network and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network).

Similarly, in the third example mode 520 (e.g., the no local infrastructure and fixed hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network).

In the third example mode 520, all control/management functions may for example be implemented within the Cloud. For example, since the mobile hotspot access network does not have a communication link via a fixed hotspot access network, the Mobile APs may utilize a direct connection (e.g., a cellular connection) with the backbone provider network (or Cloud). If a Mobile AP does not have such capability, the Mobile AP may also, for example, utilize data access provided by the end-user devices communicatively coupled thereto (e.g., leveraging the data plans of the end-user devices).

The third example mode 520 may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, the third example mode 520 may be utilized in an early stage of a larger deployment, for example deployment that will grow into another mode (e.g., the example first mode 500, example fourth mode 530, etc.) as more communication system equipment is installed. Note also that the third example mode 520 may be utilized in a scenario in which the local infrastructure provider network and fixed hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.).

The fourth example mode (or configuration) 530 (e.g., a no fixed hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode 500, albeit without the fixed hotspot access network and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the fourth example mode 530 comprises a backbone provider network, a local infrastructure provider network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode 530 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links.

Also shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode 530 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network via one or more wireless (or non-tethered) links.

As additionally shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode 530 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links.

Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode 530 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links.

The mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the fourth example mode 530 to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the fourth example mode 530 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein.

In the fourth example mode 530 (e.g., the no fixed hotspots mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network).

Similarly, in the fourth example mode 530 (e.g., the no fixed hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network and/or backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc.

For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network). Additionally for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or backbone provider network).

In the fourth example mode 530, in an example implementation, some of the control/management functions may for example be implemented within the local backbone provider network (e.g., within a client premises). For example, communication to the local infrastructure provider may be performed through the backbone provider network (or Cloud). Note that in a scenario in which there is a direct communication pathway between the local infrastructure provider network and the mobile hotspot access network, such communication pathway may be utilized.

For example, since the mobile hotspot access network does not have a communication link via a fixed hotspot access network, the Mobile APs may utilize a direct connection (e.g., a cellular connection) with the backbone provider network (or Cloud). If a Mobile AP does not have such capability, the Mobile AP may also, for example, utilize data access provided by the end-user devices communicatively coupled thereto (e.g., leveraging the data plans of the end-user devices).

The fourth example mode 530 may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, the fourth example mode 530 may be utilized in an early stage of a larger deployment, for example a deployment that will grow into another mode (e.g., the example first mode 500, etc.) as more communication system equipment is installed. The fourth example mode 530 may, for example, be utilized in a scenario in which there is no fiber (or other) connection available for Fixed APs (e.g., in a maritime scenario, in a plantation scenario, etc.), or in which a Fixed AP is difficult to access or connect. For example, one or more Mobile APs of the mobile hotspot access network may be used as gateways to reach the Cloud. The fourth example mode 530 may also, for example, be utilized when a vehicle fleet and/or the Mobile APs associated therewith are owned by a first entity and the Fixed APs are owned by another entity, and there is no present agreement for communication between the Mobile APs and the Fixed APs. Note also that the fourth example mode 530 may be utilized in a scenario in which the fixed hotspot access network is normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.).

The fifth example mode (or configuration) 540 (e.g., a no mobile hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode 500, albeit without the mobile hotspot access network and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the fifth example mode 540 comprises a backbone provider network, a local infrastructure provider network, a fixed hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode 540 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary.

Also shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode 540 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network via one or more wireless (or non-tethered) links.

As additionally shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode 540 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links.

Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode 540 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network, the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link(s) shown in the fifth example mode 540 of FIG. 5B between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless.

The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the fifth example mode 540 to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the fifth example mode 540 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein.

In the fifth example mode 540 (e.g., the no mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network).

Similarly, in the fifth example mode 540 (e.g., the no mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the fixed hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network and/or backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc.

For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network). Additionally for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network and/or the backbone provider network).

In the fifth example mode 540, in an example implementation, the end-user devices and environment devices may communicate directly to Fixed APs (e.g., utilizing Ethernet, Wi-Fi, etc.). Also for example, the end-user devices and/or environment devices may communicate directly with the backbone provider network (e.g., utilizing cellular connections, etc.).

The fifth example mode 540 may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation in which end-user devices and/or environment devices may communicate directly with Fixed APs, such communication may be utilized instead of Mobile AP communication. For example, the fixed hotspot access network might provide coverage for all desired areas.

Note also that the fifth example mode 540 may be utilized in a scenario in which the fixed hotspot access network is normally available but is currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.).

The sixth example mode (or configuration) 550 (e.g., the no fixed/mobile hotspots and local infrastructure available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode 500, albeit without the local infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, mobile hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the sixth example mode 550 comprises a backbone provider network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the sixth example mode 550 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary.

Also shown in FIG. 5B, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the sixth example mode 550 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links.

The end-user devices are also shown in the sixth example mode 550 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein.

In the sixth example mode 550 (e.g., the no fixed/mobile hotspots and local infrastructure available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the backbone provider network. Similarly, in the sixth example mode 550 (e.g., the no fixed/mobile hotspots and local infrastructure mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network).

The sixth example mode 550 may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, for example in which an end-user has not yet subscribed to the communication system, the end-user device may subscribe to the system through a Cloud application and by communicating directly with the backbone provider network (e.g., via cellular link, etc.). The sixth example mode 550 may also, for example, be utilized in rural areas in which Mobile AP presence is sparse, Fixed AP installation is difficult or impractical, etc.

Note also that the sixth example mode 550 may be utilized in a scenario in which the infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, and/or mobile hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.).

The seventh example mode (or configuration) 560 (e.g., the no backbone and mobile hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode 500, albeit without the backbone provider network, mobile hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the seventh example mode 560 comprises a local infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5C, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the seventh example mode 560 (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary.

Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the seventh example mode 560 (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link shown in the seventh example mode 560 of FIG. 5C between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless.

The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the seventh example mode 560 to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Additionally, the end-user devices are also shown in the seventh example mode 560 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein.

In the seventh example mode 560 (e.g., the no backbone and mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network).

Similarly, in the seventh example mode 560 (e.g., the no backbone and mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network).

The seventh example mode 560 may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example controlled space implementation, Cloud access might not be provided (e.g., for security reasons, privacy reasons, etc.), and full (or sufficient) coverage of the coverage area is provided by the fixed hotspot access network, and thus the mobile hotspot access network is not needed. For example, the end-user devices and environment devices may communicate directly (e.g., via Ethernet, Wi-Fi, etc.) with the Fixed APs

Note also that the seventh example mode 560 may be utilized in a scenario in which the backbone provider network and/or fixed hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.).

The eighth example mode (or configuration) 570 (e.g., the no backbone, fixed hotspots, and local infrastructure available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode 500, albeit without the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the eighth example mode 570 comprises a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices.

As shown in FIG. 5C, and in FIG. 1 in more detail, the mobile hotspot access network is shown in the eighth example mode 570 to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the eighth example mode 570 to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein.

In the eighth example mode 570 (e.g., the no backbone, fixed hotspots, and local infrastructure available mode), information (or data) might not (at least currently) be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a coupled to the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, etc.). Similarly, information (or data) might not (at least currently) be communicated between an environment device and a server (e.g., a coupled to the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, etc.). Note that the environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network).

The eighth example mode 570 may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, the eighth example mode 570 may be utilized for gathering and/or serving data (e.g., in a delay-tolerant networking scenario), providing peer-to-peer communication through the mobile hotspot access network (e.g., between clients of a single Mobile AP, between clients of respective different Mobile APs, etc.), etc. In another example scenario, the eighth example mode 570 may be utilized in a scenario in which vehicle-to-vehicle communications are prioritized above vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. In yet another example scenario, the eighth example mode 570 may be utilized in a scenario in which all infrastructure access is lost (e.g., in tunnels, parking garages, etc.).

Note also that the eighth example mode 570 may be utilized in a scenario in which the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, and/or fixed hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.).

As shown and discussed herein, it is beneficial to have a generic platform that allows multi-mode communications of multiple users or machines within different environments, using multiple devices with multiple technologies, connected to multiple moving/static things with multiple technologies, forming wireless (mesh) hotspot networks over different environments, connected to multiple wired/wireless infrastructure/network backbone providers, ultimately connected to the Internet, Cloud or private network infrastructure.

FIG. 6 shows yet another block diagram of an example network configuration, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example network 600 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500-570, discussed herein. Notably, the example network 600 shows a plurality of Mobile APs (or OBUs), each communicatively coupled to a Fixed AP (or RSU), where each Mobile AP may provide network access to a vehicle network (e.g., comprising other vehicles or vehicle networks, user devices, sensor devices, etc.).

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an example communication network 700, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example network 700 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, networks, and/or network components 100-800, discussed herein. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the network 700 includes a number of network components (e.g., Cloud 760; vehicles 741, 742; access points 726, 737, 738; and mobility controller 735). The vehicles 741, 742; access points 726, 737, 738; and mobility controller 735 each contain network elements that may be referred to herein as a “network unit” (NU), represented in FIG. 7 as having respective NUs. In the context of a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, taxi, van, truck, bus, and/or autonomous vehicle), the NU may be part of, for example, an OBU, a mobile AP, and an MC/NC, as previously described above.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, the mobile NUs (e.g., OBUs/MAPs) may have a number of communication interfaces for various wired and wireless communication protocols, and may have access to a number of communication methodologies including, for example, a “DIRECT” communication methodology that involves direct communication with the destination entity, an “OPPORTUNISTIC” communication methodology that communicates with the destination entity only when one specific communication technology is available (e.g., one of dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) connectivity to a specific access-point, Bluetooth® wireless connectivity, or cellular connectivity), and an “EPIDEMIC” communication methodology that may deliver the message to the next available networking neighbor of the entity sending a message. The NUs (e.g., OBUs (MAPs), FAPs) may include, for example, communication interfaces able to provide Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE-802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/agetc.) service to user devices such as, for example, smart phones, tablets, computers, and the like. Additional details of communication methodologies may be found, for example, in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/272,750, entitled “Systems and Methods for Remote Software Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” Attorney Docket No. 60271US01, filed Dec. 30, 2015; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/278,662, entitled “Systems and Methods for Remote Configuration Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” Attorney Docket No. 60272US01, filed Jan. 14, 2016, the complete subject matter of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its respective entirety.

A network of moving things in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure is able to communicate data with both mobile and fixed NUs. For example, the mobile NUs 724, 725 in their respective vehicles 742, 741 of FIG. 7 may not have continuous access to or communication with the data storage of cloud 760. In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, such mobile NUs (e.g., OBUs/MAPs) may leverage any existing communication connections that are available such as, for example, cellular, DSRC, Wi-Fi, or any other suitable communication technology. In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, mobile NUs such as, for example, the NUs 725, 724 of their respective vehicles 741, 742 of FIG. 7 may, for example, communicate with fixed NUs such as, for example, the NUs 753, 737, 738 of FIG. 7, using the EPIDEMIC communication methodology, described above.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, user devices and various sensors (e.g., sensors connected to NU 730) of a vehicle may not have direct access to or be in communication with the data storage of the cloud 760, and therefore may leverage the connectivity provided by an NU such as, for example, the “relay” NU 724 of vehicle 742, to which they may connect. Such relay NUs (RNUs) may communicate with any such user devices and sensors, in order to enable any such user devices and sensors to communicate data with, for example, the Cloud 760.

The ever growing volume of information generated by the huge variety of connected devices raises constant challenges in providing reliable transport for that data. Within a few years, with the continued proliferation of the Internet of Things and further deployment of wireless user devices and smart sensors, the transportation of the growing volume of data generated by and destined for such devices will present a tremendous challenge not only in terms of the amount of bandwidth required, but also with regard to connectivity costs.

A network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, which may be referred to herein as the “Internet of Moving Things” (IoMT), provides a platform that is highly optimized for the transport of data generated by and destined for, for example, user devices and various sensors in the area served by such a network, in a very scalable way. Additional details regarding interfacing among sensors and a network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may be found, for example, in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/222,135, entitled “Systems and Methods for Collecting Sensor Data in a Network of Moving Things,” Attorney Docket No. 60034US01, filed Sep. 22, 2015. Additional details regarding adapting the granularity, bandwidth, and priority of sensing and disseminating data may be found, for example, in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/253,249, entitled “Systems and Methods for Optimizing Data Gathering in a Network of Moving Things,” Attorney Docket No. 60195US01, filed Nov. 10, 2015. The complete subject matter of each of the above-identified provisional patent applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its respective entirety.

All of the data collected by elements in a network of moving things is potentially valuable for a wide variety of applications and insights, most of which are yet to be discovered. End-to-end data integrity is important in any network, and is particularly so in a network such as the IoMT of the present disclosure, considering the variety of elements and processes involved in its acquisition. At the present time, just a small fraction of the data collected from connected devices is actually being used. However, network support for the collection of high definition data is of increasing importance. A network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure provides the foundations for an analytics system that uses collected sensor and other data to provide, for example, optimizations and predictions in a wide variety of different areas (e.g., transportation, environment, and/or communication).

The mobile and dynamic network infrastructure that provides support for a network of moving things such as that described herein may provide an interface for a number of clients/customers/users such as, for example, third-parties that wish to test their own applications, vehicle fleet operators that desire to deploy their own fully-managed services to control and manage their fleets, and/or telecommunication network (telco) operators that want to expand their infrastructure (e.g., fiber infrastructure, cellular infrastructure, etc.). Because a network of moving things according to various aspects of the present disclosure may be used by a wide variety of different entities and applied for numerous applications and purposes, the operation of such a network may use policies to, for example, control access to the network by each of the clients/customers/users, and manage the use of the applications that are employed to monitor, diagnose, and survey the status of the network elements and of the network environment. Such software applications that monitor and survey the network include, by way of example and not limitation, software applications that monitor the status of the critical hardware modules and system software applications to enable corrective action can to be taken when abnormal behavior is detected, software applications that monitor network behavior to understand and evaluate how the network is working and to diagnose possible problems, and software applications that perform surveys/studies in the network to gather information from the network to help in deploying and configuring the network in an optimal way. Such a software application may also monitor and track the characteristics of user wireless communication sessions, to infer passenger loading in a network of moving things.

Execution of such software applications by various network elements may involve access to shared data available in the system (e.g., information about neighboring network elements, information about central processing unit (CPU) load, information characterizing/identifying available sensing, communication, storage, or other technologies of a network element), and/or access to particular sources of information (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, OBD2 information, etc.). Execution of such software applications by network elements may also involve the use of certain levels of resources (e.g., a minimum/desired amount of bandwidth used/needed to send data to, e.g., the Cloud; the amount of memory needed (e.g., disk space, flash memory, random access read/write memory, etc.), and each software application may be assigned a priority that may be used to determine whether the software application should run, or not run, when other software applications having their own assigned priorities are also present on a network element. Each software application may have a different mode of operation (e.g., may use a particular level of resources (e.g., a certain amount of data storage), or may have a certain length sampling period), and in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may be dynamically configured and adapted on-demand. In addition, such software applications may receive inputs/data from a client/customer/user system external to the network described herein (e.g., using an API accessible, for example, locally or from the Cloud) that may, for example, affect the modes of monitoring/surveying performed by the software application. A network of moving things in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may decide whether such received inputs/data will be applied or enforced in the network, because more than one external source or entity may provide such inputs/data.

A network of moving things in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure enables the smooth and harmonized coexistence of a variety of software applications that perform monitoring in a highly dynamic and moving environment based on, for example, the context information of the system itself and also the context of the vehicle(s) on which network elements are located. A network system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure automatically adapts, for example, the assigned priority, the levels of assigned physical interfaces (PHY)/communication resources, the periods of time that the software application is active and inactive (e.g., turn-on/turn-off), the modes of operation of the software application, and the status of each monitoring application. Such a system may adapt the granularity, sampling period, type of data, and the resources used by different monitoring applications, and may prioritize software applications that perform monitoring and surveying, one over another, as well as with respect to the client's services and software applications running on a network element (e.g., Internet access, data acquisition, etc.) such as, for example, a mobile AP, fixed AP, or MC/NC. In this manner, a network of moving things in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may provide improved handling of the volatility of the resources and high mobility of nodes of the network.

Systems and methods in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may infer passenger load in public transportation fleets by monitoring wireless communication session- and user-dependent wireless data in a network of moving things. Such information, when available, may be used to optimize vehicle fleet or wireless network operations. For example, a system in accordance with the present disclosure may permit manual optimization, or may automatically optimize scheduling plans, and may increase/decrease the number of vehicles (e.g., buses, trains, vans, autonomous vehicles, etc.) per line/route, or adapt the routes/lines that vehicles travel (e.g., adjust the paths of routes/lines, add or delete stops along the routes/lines, change the type/capacity of vehicles (e.g., buses, autonomous vehicles) used for serving a route/line) based upon the number of passengers that are traveling in specific vehicles (e.g., bus, train, van, autonomous vehicle, etc.) or waiting in a station, etc., and may also activate other (e.g., additional) wireless network interfaces in the vehicles, to enable Internet access when the vehicle (e.g., bus, train, van, autonomous vehicle, etc.) is full of people.

Although the following discussion of the innovative approaches disclosed herein makes reference to the use of a particular wireless communication technology, i.e., Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/af), other suitable wireless communication recommendations, standards, and/or protocols may be similarly employed. In order to estimate passenger load traveling on a bus, train, van, autonomous vehicle, etc., an example system in accordance with the various aspects of the present disclosure may assume that all of the passengers on the bus/train/van/autonomous vehicle/etc. are using a particular wireless communication technology (e.g., Wi-Fi), and may consider that the bus/train/van/autonomous vehicle/etc. is full (i.e., at maximum passenger capacity), if there are at least a certain number of users connected to the offered wireless communication service on that bus/train/van/autonomous vehicle/etc.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may include functionality that distinguishes whether the user is a passenger inside the bus/train/van/autonomous vehicle/etc. (i.e., an “inside user”), or is someone outside of the bus/train/van/autonomous vehicle/etc. (i.e., an “outside user”), since there is no guarantee that wireless communication sessions (e.g., Wi-Fi sessions) are related to the activities of people inside the bus/train/van/etc. It should be noted that, although the present disclosure may make reference to users that are “inside” or “outside” of a vehicle, a more accurate description may be to refer to a user as “traveling with” or “not traveling with” a vehicle, because one may imagine situations in which a user traveling with a vehicle may not literally be “inside” the vehicle. Also, it should be noted that to an onboard unit (e.g., an OBU such as a mobile access point (MAP)) of a vehicle, the wireless network context/characteristics of a wireless communication session (e.g., received signal strength, signal fading, path delay, signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) supporting a user on the vehicle, whether moving or stopped, may appear the same as a wireless communication session supporting a user outside of the vehicle when the vehicle is stopped.

A system supporting wireless communication services for users in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may employ a number of possible approaches to detecting whether a user of the wireless communication services is inside or outside of the vehicle. Some of these approaches may be more easy and straightforward to implement and/or may employ smaller amounts of data and/or data that is less accurate, while other approaches may employ more complex algorithms and/or may involve correlation and analysis of data from two or more sources. A number of example approaches are presented in the discussion that follows.

In a first example approach, a device such as, e.g., an OBU/MAP located in a vehicle (e.g., bus, train, van, autonomous vehicle, etc.) may, for example, take into account the distance travelled by the vehicle carrying the user, during the period of time that the user was connected via the wireless communication service (i.e., a wireless communication session).

FIG. 8 illustrates an example in which a user 820 having a wireless user device establishes a wireless communication session via the wireless communication service provided by a vehicle at a first location (X1, Y1), and ends the wireless communication session at a second location (X2, Y2), in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. For example, an OBU (e.g., a MAP) may log and analyze the distance that the vehicle 810 travelled, d, between the location (e.g., geographic location from a GNSS/GPS receiver of the OBU) of the establishment of the user wireless communication session (e.g., a “user login 825”) and the location of the disconnection/teardown of the user wireless communication session (e.g., “user logout 830”). It should be noted that, while the terms “login” and “logout” are used in this discussion of the example of FIG. 8, the beginning and end of wireless communication with a network element such as an OBU/MAP of the present disclosure may not involve user login or logout, but instead may, by way of example and not limitation, come in the form of an “association” and “dissociation” as in or similar to that of Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/af), where an end-user device may automatically form a connection with a wireless access point, without explicit user involvement (e.g., without user action of “login”). In a complementary manner, the “logout” may, for example, not be a user action of “logout,” but may, by way of example and not limitation, be a loss of wireless signal of the user device at the wireless access point for a certain threshold period of time, or an automatic dissociation of the user device from the wireless access point when association with a new wireless access point is imminent or has occurred.

Referring once again to the details of the example of FIG. 8, if the distance travelled, d, is less than a predefined threshold (e.g., the range of connectivity of the wireless communication interface of the OBU such as, for example, 25 meters or 50 meters), then the OBU/MAP may determine that the wireless communication session originated from an “outside user.” The distance, d, may be calculated as, for example, d=|(X2, Y2)-(X1, Y1)|. If, however, the distance travelled, d, is greater than the pre-defined threshold, the OBU may determine that the wireless communication session was that of an “inside user.” This approach does not involve complex correlations of data, and may be done locally at an OBU (e.g., MAP) or remotely (e.g., the Cloud). This approach may, in some instances, experience false determinations that users are “outside users” when “inside users” engage in very short (e.g., in time and/or distance) wireless communication sessions, and may falsely determine that certain “outside users” (e.g., those users that are in a second vehicle traveling in proximity to and that establish a wireless communication session with the vehicle of this discussion) are “inside users.”

In order to increase the accuracy of this approach, a system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may detect whether the vehicle stopped during a short (e.g., the terms “short,” “long,” etc., may refer to distance travelled by a vehicle (e.g., 10, 15, 20, or 50 meters or typical wireless communication range) or an amount of time) user wireless communication session such as, for example, by tracking/logging the speed of the vehicle. Such a determination of distance may employ information from a GNSS/GPS receiver of an OBU/MAP, or vehicle sensors (e.g., wheel rotation sensor(s), vehicle odometer) accessible via an interface of a vehicle (e.g., an OBD.OBD-II interface of an automobile, or a navigation system of an autonomous vehicle). An OBU (e.g., MAP) of a vehicle may, for example, include in a record of each user wireless communication session, information such as a flag or variable, as an indication of whether the bus stopped during that user wireless communication session. This information may be expanded to characteristics of the nature of the speed of the vehicle during the wireless communication session (e.g., minimum speed, maximum speed, total time the vehicle was not moving, etc.). This information may be used to define a possible source of uncertainty regarding the results of this approach. Because the results of this approach are based, in part, on motion of the vehicle and the user, uncertainty regarding the results may increase when the vehicle stops moving. Even if the vehicle did not stop while the user was in a wireless communication session (i.e., “connected”), a system according to aspects of the present disclosure may take into account the vehicle speed while the user was connected, and may compare the vehicle speed against the duration of the wireless communication session (e.g., in seconds). A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may take into account that if the user is outside a vehicle moving at a very high-speed (i.e., an “outside user”), there is a high probability that the duration of the user wireless communication session will be very short. If the user wireless communication session is both short in terms of distance (length) and short in terms of time (d uncertainty of the method will be lower.

FIG. 9 is a graph 900 illustrating the relationship between vehicle speed and the duration of wireless communication sessions for users outside of a vehicle that is equipped to provide wireless communication service to user devices, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As can be seen in FIG. 9, the possible duration of a wireless communication session 910 of an “outside user” via a vehicle equipped to support user wireless communication decreases as vehicle speed increases, until it attains a minimum value, t1 920, the amount of time needed to establish a wireless connection between the OBU/MAP of the vehicle and the device of the user.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may, for example, track/log active wireless communication sessions by user, and may analyze such information to identify, for example, other wireless communication sessions involving the same user, in a particular (e.g., the same or different) vehicle, occurring within a particular period of time and having a certain duration. The system may derive a measure of the distance between the geographic location of establishment of a particular user wireless communication session/connection (e.g., user “login”) with an OBU (e.g., MAP) of a vehicle to the geographic location of the ending of such a session (e.g., user “logout”), and may correlate such a distance measurement with the speed of the vehicle carrying the OBU. The vehicle OBU (e.g., MAP) or services provided by, for example, functionality of the Cloud (e.g., the Cloud of FIG. 1 or Cloud 760 of FIG. 7) may use historical user wireless communication session information (e.g., a media access control (MAC) address of a user device, user ID/login information, user device or OBU GNSS/GPS geographic position information, and date/time information) to detect whether a user device has been connected recently to the OBU of the same vehicle, but at a different geographic location. In this context, the definition of what constitutes a “recent” connection may be a certain time period configurable by the operator of the network of moving things such as, for example, a connection established within the last 10 minutes, the last hour, the last 6 hours, the last 24 hours, the last week, etc. For example, if the present wireless communication session is not the first wireless communication session connection of the user to the vehicle that has occurred within the certain recent time period, and the previous and present user wireless communication sessions happen in different geographic locations, there is a high probability that the user is an “inside user.” In this specific case, the OBU (e.g., MAP) of the vehicle may log and locally store (e.g., at the OBU) the starting and ending geographic locations (e.g., geographic coordinates such as latitude/longitude/altitude) for different wireless communication sessions from the same user, and may keep them available at the OBU/MAP for a specified period of time (e.g., one hour, two hours, six hours, twelve hours, 24 hours, etc.). Alternatively, such information about user wireless communication sessions may, for example, be uploaded to, maintained, and processed on the Cloud (e.g., Cloud 760 of FIG. 7).

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may analyze wireless communication sessions to reveal the patterns with respect to vehicle location and/or individual users. Such a system may derive probabilities using machine learning techniques that will help to analyze user behavior, drawing comparisons between selected users and previous patterns of fleet users or sporadic users such as, for example, patterns of short sessions, or initiation of new sessions, or sessions situated around specific geographic locations. Those usage patterns may, for example, be available in the Cloud (e.g., of FIG. 1 or 7), or a small set of model patterns may be sent to vehicles of a fleet of vehicles, in real-time.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may, for example, derive information about user wireless communication sessions by analyzing the patterns of wireless communication sessions that started around (with a certain distance of) a specific geographic location (e.g., geographic coordinates such as latitude/longitude). For example, the system may know in advance (e.g., from information gathered from prior user communication activities and/or the known location (e.g., geographic coordinates) of transportation hubs) that there are locations that are very crowded with users, and that have a high probability of having “outside users” trying to connect to vehicles (e.g., buses/trains/autonomous vehicles) that travel known routes. In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, cloud-resident functionality (e.g., located in the Cloud of FIG. 1 or Cloud 760 of FIG. 7) may wirelessly advertise such information to vehicles (e.g., buses/trains/autonomous vehicles) in real-time. A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may use historical information derived from past wireless communication sessions of its users to permit the system to compare characteristics of a particular portion (e.g., the start) of a present wireless communication session to patterns of a similar portion of wireless communication sessions of the same user at the same time and/or location, but on other days. Such capabilities may reside at, for example, a centralized location/system having access to information for the entire system (e.g., the functionality of the Cloud entities of FIG. 1 or 7).

In addition, because individuals typically have a small set of trip routes that they travel (e.g., frequently ride the same bus lines/routes to from work, friends, family, shopping, etc.), a system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may learn for each user which routes are that user's most frequently traveled routes, and may then compare information about the route currently being traveled by the user to the route being taken/followed by the vehicle providing the wireless communication session (e.g., Wi-Fi session). This permits a system of the present disclosure to provide more accurate information about user wireless communication sessions and to decrease the amount of time needed to reach conclusions about user wireless usage and travel behavior, especially at locations where multiple forms of transportation and numerous transportation routes are available (e.g., at locations such as bus stops/terminals that are served by several bus lines, or where stops for bus routes and train lines coincide, resulting in large numbers of both “inside users” and “outside users,” and that permit users to take either form of transportation).

FIG. 10 is a graph 1000 illustrating an example received signal strength indicator (RSSI) curve 1040 representing the magnitude of a wireless signal received from a user device by a network element (e.g., OBU/MAP or FAP) during relative movement of the user device and the network element, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may analyze RSSI measurements made by network elements such as a OBU/MAP and/or FAP, and may compare such RSSI information for a specific user wireless communication session (e.g., date, time, end-user identity, end-user device identity, etc.) against the maximum RSSI achieved at a particular geographic location (e.g., at a particular OBU/MAP or FAP), and may determine whether the RSSI of the specific user wireless communication session is increasing when the vehicle (e.g., bus, train, van, autonomous vehicle, etc.) is approaching 1010 the geographic position at which the maximum RSSI 1020 was detected, is decreasing when the vehicle is receding 1030 (leaving) that geographic location, or that remains substantially uncorrelated with respect to the approach or recession from the geographic position at which the maximum RSSI has been detected. In order to implement this approach, an OBU/MAP may, for example, compare RSSI sample values (e.g., RSSI, time/date of measurement, etc.) for a current wireless communication session to values for historical RSSI samples gathered during previous wireless communication sessions of users. It should be noted that “inside users” (i.e., those users inside of the vehicle in which the network node (OBU/MAP) is located) may be expected to be detected with a relatively higher RSSI than “outside users” (i.e., those users outside of the vehicle in which the network node (OBU/MAP) is located) and that, as mentioned above, “inside users” will have a nearly constant RSSI, even when the vehicle in which they are riding is in motion.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may correlate connection (e.g., login) attempts across the vehicles of a fleet or group of vehicles (e.g., buses, trains, vans, autonomous vehicles, etc.). In addition to using the information related to a specific vehicle (e.g., bus, train, van, autonomous vehicle, etc.), such a system may also assess (e.g., via the Cloud) whether a user has attempted to establish a wireless communication session with the network of moving things (e.g., through other vehicles) at that geographic location, within a specified recent period of time (e.g., during the immediately prior 10 or 15 minutes). If the user is determined to be always in approximately the same geographic location (e.g., within a specified threshold distance) during their attempts to establish a wireless communication session, a system according to the present disclosure may conclude that the user is an “outside user” attempting to establish a wireless communication session with vehicles that pass near the current geographic location of the user.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may employ map matching techniques that may correlate a user context with other city/vehicular context sources. Using map matching techniques, a system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may provide more accurate indications/decisions of whether a wireless communication session of a user started outside or inside of a vehicle by, for example, correlating the duration of the wireless communication session of the user with information about the identity (e.g., network identifier such as MAC address, IP address, International Mobile Equipment Identify (IMEI)) and location (e.g., GNSS/GPS coordinates) of the vehicle used to provide the user communication session, and information detailing the known location(s) of, for example, bus stops, traffic lights, real-time traffic conditions, etc. for the geographic region served. For example, if user wireless communication sessions having a very small session duration (e.g., less than 10 seconds, less than 30 seconds, less than 1 minute, etc.) happen frequently near the geographic location of a known bus stop, a system of the present disclosure may determine that those sessions are from “outside users” (i.e., those users that are outside of a vehicle, in this case, not located in the identified bus) as opposed to “inside users” (i.e., those users that are located inside the vehicle providing wireless communication session service). In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, a system as described herein may use map matching techniques to improve the accuracy of classification of user wireless communication sessions as those of either “inside users” or “outside users” by employing map data that includes the geographic locations of known stopping points (e.g., bus stops, train stations, etc.) of vehicles equipped to provide wireless communication access (e.g., Wi-Fi) to users. Such map information may be resident in, for example, the OBUs/MAPs installed in the vehicles providing user transportation or other network elements (e.g., FAPs, NCs, MCs), and may be located in, for example, a Cloud-based system.

FIG. 11 shows an example graph 1100 representing in three dimensions, three characteristics of a user wireless communication session—an indicator of received signal strength (RSSI) 1102, wireless communication session duration 1104, and vehicle speed 1106, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. FIG. 11 illustrates an example classification or categorization into one of several multi-feature clusters 1110, 1120, 1130 having common characteristics of user wireless communication sessions occurring over a network of moving things. It should be noted that, although three multi-feature clusters 1110, 1120, 1130 are shown in the example of FIG. 11, a greater or lesser number of multi-feature clusters may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Using historical wireless communication session information gathered by a network of moving things in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, a system such as that described herein may classify each user wireless communication session into a particular cluster of the multi-feature clusters 1110, 1120, 1130, based upon the various features observed for each wireless communication session. For example, wireless communication session characteristics such as RSSI variation, communication session duration, and/or vehicle speed may be quickly determined, via functionality of, for example, one or more computing/analysis resources located in the Cloud 760 of FIG. 7 or the Cloud of FIG. 1, or at one or more other suitable network element(s). The optimum segmentation of user wireless communication instances into clusters may be, for example, where the clusters are strongly associated with the status of the user in terms of whether the user is located inside or outside of a vehicle.

FIGS. 12A-12B each illustrate a sequence of regions that represent consecutive-in-time snapshots of the range of a wireless signal (e.g., Wi-Fi) provided by a vehicle (i.e., by an OBU/MAP located in an automobile, taxi, van, autonomous vehicle, etc.) upon detecting a user of a network of moving things, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The regions 1205-1235 as shown in FIGS. 12A-12B are drawn centered at the location of the vehicle and with an area size representing a typical footprint of the wireless equipment (i.e., the coverage area of the signals radiated and received by antenna(s) of the OBU/MAP) installed on the vehicle to provide wireless communication sessions to users such as, for example, for IEEE-802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/af (e.g., 25 to 50 meters, or more). In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, a system as described herein may use such information represented by FIGS. 12A to conclude that the user was outside of the vehicle (not a passenger/operator of the vehicle), if the intersection of the sequence of all of a certain number of consecutive regions defines a limited area such as, for example, the area 1217 of FIG. 12A. The system may use such information to infer an approximate location for the user. If, however, the intersection of all of a certain number of consecutive regions is null, then there is a high probability that the user is inside (traveling with) the vehicle.

In some instances, a system in accordance with the present disclosure may detect a wireless communication session with an atypically long duration, which may occur when a user participating in a wireless communication session is moving in close proximity to, but in a vehicle that is different from the vehicle providing service for the wireless communication session. Such situations may occur, but should be sporadic. It is possible that a vehicle providing a wireless communication session to a user outside of the vehicle may be circling the user, making the user always be in a connected state because the user is always in range of the bus, although the user is outside of the bus. Such a situation may also occur, but should also be a sporadic occurrence.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of inferring the passenger load in a specific vehicle based on user wireless communication sessions, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method of FIG. 13 may, for example, be implemented within the network elements discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1-12, and may be located in the OBU/MAP of the specified vehicle, or may, for example, run in any other network element (e.g., a Cloud-based system) using information provided by the OBU/MAP of the specified vehicle. The method of FIG. 13 begins at block 1310, where a network element such as, for example, an OBU/MAP of the specified vehicle may check whether one or more conditions have occurred (e.g., the elapse/passing of a certain amount of time, the occurrence of one or more certain time(s) of day, the arrival of the specified vehicle at a certain geographic location, the movement of the specified vehicle over a certain distance) to infer passenger load for the specified vehicle. The method of FIG. 13 may, for example, be implemented as a process that reports an inferred number of passengers in the specified vehicle on a regular basis, according to a specified time period, according to a scheduled or assigned date and/or time, and/or may report inferred passenger load in response to a request of another process running on an OBU/MAP (e.g., running on the specified network element), or any other element of a network of moving things in accordance with the present disclosure. If, at block 1310, the network element determines that it is not yet time to infer passenger load for the specified vehicle, the method directs the network element to loop at block 1310 while waiting for the appropriate time. The amount of time between determination of inferred passenger load of the specified vehicle, or the time(s) of day when such a determination of inferred passenger load is to be performed may, for example, be set based on corresponding configuration information for the OBU/MAP received from, for example, a cloud-based system, as described and/or referenced herein. If, however, the method of FIG. 13 determines that it is time to determine inferred passenger load for the specified vehicle, control may then pass to block 1312, where a list of all active wireless communication sessions for the specified vehicle (i.e., the OBU/MAP) is created. Then, at block 1314, the method may make the first active wireless communication session in the list, the current wireless communication session, and at block 1316, the count of users inside the specified vehicle is reset to zero.

Next, at block 1318, the method of FIG. 13 determines whether the user for the current wireless communication session is inside or outside of the specified vehicle. In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, the actions of block 1318 may use one or more of the approaches described above, in determining whether the user of the current wireless communication session is inside (or traveling with) or outside of (or not traveling with) the specified vehicle. For example, the OBU/MAP of the specified vehicle may determine, possibly among other factors, that the strength of the wireless signal received from the user device has not changed by more than a first threshold amount from the strength of the wireless signal received from the user device at the initial geographic location of the specified vehicle at the time of establishment of the wireless communication session, even though the specified vehicle has moved a geographic distance from the initial geographic location of the specified vehicle by more than a second threshold amount. Other approaches to determining “inside user” vs. “outside user” status of the user of a wireless communication session may alternatively be used, or may be used in addition to the above example. For example, the speed of a vehicle in which an OBU/MAP is located may be recorded at various points in time and/or distance during wireless communication sessions captured by the OBU/MAP (e.g., at the start and/or end, or any point during the wireless communication session) of the vehicle. Such information may help to determine, along other information acquired by the OBU/MAP, the motion status of the vehicle (e.g., stationary, leaving a location at which the vehicle was stopped, arriving at a location at which the vehicle stopped, continuously moving, etc.) and whether wireless communication sessions are being initiated/interrupted for user devices that are “inside”/“outside” of the vehicle(s) of the network described herein.

Next, at decision block 1320, the method of FIG. 13 transfers control to block 1324, if it was determined that the user for the current wireless communication session is outside of the vehicle (i.e., an “outside user”), which is described in more detail below. If, however, at the decision block 1320, the method finds that it was determined, at block 1318, that the user of the current wireless communication session is inside of the vehicle (i.e., an “inside user”), the method then continues at block 1322, where the method increments the count of users inside of the vehicle, and transfers control to block 1324, described below.

At block 1324, a determination is made as to whether the current wireless communication session is the last wireless communication session in the list of active wireless communication sessions. If, at block 1324, it is determined that the current wireless communication session is the last wireless communication session in the list of active wireless communication sessions for the specified vehicle, the method then, at block 1328, reports the count of users inside of the specified vehicle as the inferred passenger load of the specified vehicle, and then passes control back to block 1310, to wait for the occurrence of the one or more conditions (e.g., elapse of a certain interval of time, occurrence of a certain time of day; movement of a certain distance, arrival at a certain geographic location) at which the next inference of passenger load is to be determined. If, however, at block 1324, it is determined that the current wireless communication session is not the last wireless communication session in the list of active wireless communication sessions for the specified vehicle, the method then passes control to block 1326, where the next wireless communication session in the list of active wireless communication sessions is made the current wireless communication session, and control then passes to block 1318, to continue as described above.

Although the above discussion focusses primarily on a method of inferring the passenger load in a specific vehicle based on end-user wireless communication sessions, it should be noted that a similar approach may be used to infer, for example, the number of individuals waiting to board a vehicle. For example, if pickup and drop-off locations for transportation services such as, for example, bus stops, taxi stands, and other locations where individuals may stop to wait for transportation are equipped with fixed access points (i.e., fixed APs or FAPs) or road-side units (RSUs) that provide wireless communication service (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth®), information about the communication sessions established between end-user devices (e.g., smart phones, tablet or laptop computers, etc.) and the FAPs/RSUs may be used to infer how many and which end-users of communication sessions are stationary within the geographic area/region served by the FAP/RSU, and how many and which end-users are moving through the geographic area/region served by the FAP/RSU. For example, from instances of communication sessions between an end-user device and a FAP/RSU that last longer than the normal/typical stopping time of the respective type of conveyance (e.g., bus, taxi, train, etc.), one may infer that the end-user device was stationary (e.g., end-user waiting for the conveyance) or walking (i.e., slowly moving) through the geographic area/region served by the FAP/RSU (e.g., walking through the area/region served by the FAP/RSU). By setting an appropriate decision threshold used to compare with the duration of communication sessions of end-user devices with FAPs/RSUs, a system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may infer the number of end-user devices waiting at particular locations in a transportation network (e.g., bus stops, taxi stands, train platforms, etc.) and how many end-users are merely walking through the area, or are passengers on a public or private conveyance traveling nearby. In addition, by correlating communication sessions served by MAPs/OBUs against communication sessions involving FAPs/RSUs, a system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may even more accurately infer how many communication sessions involved end-users that were waiting at a pickup/drop-off point, which were on a moving conveyance, and which were neither of those situations.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, systems and methods are provided that manage a vehicle communication network, for example in accordance with the location of nodes and end devices, in a way that provides for stable TCP/IP Internet access, among other things. For example, an end user may be provided with a clean and stable Wi-Fi Internet connection that may appear to the end user to be the same as the Wi-Fi Internet connection at the user's home, user's workplace, fixed public Wi-Fi hotspots, etc. For example, for a user utilizing a communication network as described herein, a TCP session may stay active, downloads may process normally, calls may proceed without interruption, etc. As discussed herein, a vehicle communication network in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure may be applied as a transport layer for regular Internet traffic and/or for private network traffic (e.g., extending the access of customer private LANs from the wired network to vehicles and users around them, etc.).

In accordance with an example network implementation, although a user might be always connected to a single Wi-Fi AP of a vehicle, the vehicle (or the access point thereof, for example an OBU) is moving between multiple access points (e.g., Fixed APs, other Mobile APs, cellular base stations, fixed Wi-Fi hotspots, etc.). For example, mobility management implemented in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure supports the mobility of each vehicle and its users across different communication technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.11p, cellular, Wi-Fi, etc.) as the Mobile APs migrate among Fixed APs (and/or Mobile APs) and/or as users migrate between Mobile APs.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, a mobility controller (MC/NC), which may also be referred to as an LMA or Network Controller, may monitor the location (e.g., network location, etc.) of various nodes (e.g., Mobile APs, etc.) and/or the location of end users connected through them. The mobility controller (MC) may, for example, provide seamless handovers (e.g., maintaining communication session continuity) between different access points and/or different technologies with low link latency and low handover times.

The architecture provided herein is scalable, for example taking advantage of redundant elements and/or functionality to provide load-balancing of control and/or data communication functionality, as well as to decrease failure probability. Various aspects of the present disclosure also provide for decreased control signaling (e.g., in amount and/or frequency), which reduces the control overhead and reduces the size of control tables and tunneling, for example both in backend servers and in APs (e.g., Fixed APs and/or Mobile APs).

Additionally, a communication network (or components thereof) in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure may comprise the ability to interact with mobile devices in order to control some or all of their connection choices and/or to leverage their control functionality. For example, in an example implementation, a mobile application can run in the background, managing the available networks and/or nodes thereof and selecting the one that best fits, and then triggering a handoff to the selected network (or node thereof) before breakdown of the current connection.

The communication network (or components thereof) is also configurable, according to the infrastructure requirements and/or mobility needs of each client, etc. For example, the communication network (or components thereof) may comprise the capability to support different Layer 2 (L2) or Layer 3 (L3) implementations, or combinations thereof, as well as IPv4/IPv6 traffic.

Various aspects of the present disclosure may be seen in a method of estimating a number of passengers of a vehicle, using characteristics of active wireless communication sessions with a wireless access point of the vehicle. Such a method may comprise maintaining a list comprising, for each active wireless communication session between a corresponding communication device of a user and the wireless access point, a collection of characteristics representative of the respective active wireless communication session. The method may comprise determining whether at least one condition of performing an estimate of the number of passengers has occurred; and estimating the number of passengers of the vehicle, if the at least one condition has occurred. The estimating may comprise assigning a value of zero to a count of communication devices moving with the vehicle, and for each active wireless communication session in the list, analyzing the collection of characteristics. Analyzing the collection of characteristics may comprise determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, using the corresponding collection of characteristics; and incrementing the count of communication devices, if the corresponding communication device is determined to be moving with the vehicle. The estimating may also comprise setting the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle to be the count of communication devices. The method may further comprise one or both of reporting the number of passengers of the vehicle to a cloud-based system that manages the wireless access point and adjusting wireless access point availability for the vehicle according to the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle.

In some methods in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle may comprise calculating a total amount of time elapsed during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total amount of time is greater than a threshold amount of time. In some methods in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle may comprise calculating a total distance traveled by the vehicle during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total distance traveled is greater than a threshold distance. The collection of characteristics may comprise one or both of a time at which the wireless communications session began and a time at which the wireless communications session ended; and the collection of characteristics may comprise geographic coordinates of one or more locations of the vehicle during the active communication session. The collection of characteristics may comprise an identifier of the communication device of the user, one or more data samples representative of a strength of a radio frequency signal received from the communication device of the user by the wireless access point during the active communication session, and a rate of movement of the vehicle at one or more geographic locations during the active communication session. The at least one condition may comprise one or more conditions selected from the following: a specified time of day has occurred, a specified period of time has elapsed, a specified distance has been traveled by the vehicle, and the vehicle has arrived at a specified geographic location.

Further aspects of the present disclosure may be found in a non-transitory computer-readable medium having a plurality of code sections. Each code section may have stored thereon a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors, where the execution of the instructions causes the one or more processors to perform a method of estimating a number of passengers of a vehicle, using characteristics of active wireless communication sessions with a wireless access point of the vehicle, such as the steps of the method described above.

Additional aspects of the present disclosure may be observed in a system for estimating a number of passengers of a vehicle, using characteristics of active wireless communication sessions with a wireless access point of the vehicle. Such a system may comprise one or more processors operably coupled to at least one radio frequency communication interface and to storage for storing instructions executable by the one or more processors. The one or more processors may be operable to perform actions, such as the steps of the method described above.

In accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, examples of the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,192, titled “Communication Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for integrating such networks and/or components with other networks and systems, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/221,997, titled “Integrated Communication Network for A Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for synchronizing such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,016, titled “Systems and Methods for Synchronizing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,042, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for monitoring such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,066, titled “Systems and Methods for Monitoring a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for detecting and/or classifying anomalies in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,077, titled “Systems and Methods for Detecting and Classifying Anomalies in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing mobility in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,098, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing connectivity in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,121, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Connectivity a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for collecting sensor data in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,135, titled “Systems and Methods for Collecting Sensor Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for interfacing with such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,145, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for interfacing with a user of such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,150, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a User of a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for data storage and processing in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,168, titled “Systems and Methods for Data Storage and Processing for a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for vehicle traffic management in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,183, titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicle Traffic Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for environmental management in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,186, titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing port or shipping operation in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,190, titled “Systems and Methods for Port Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for enhancing the accuracy of positioning or location information based at least in part on historical data, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,828, titled “Utilizing Historical Data to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for enhancing the accuracy of position or location of positioning or location information based at least in part on the utilization of anchors, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,930, titled “Using Anchors to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for providing communication between applications, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,368, titled “Systems and Methods for Inter-Application Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for probing, analyzing and/or validating communication, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,372, titled “Systems and Methods for Probing and Validating Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for adapting communication rate, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/250,544, titled “Adaptive Rate Control for Vehicular Networks,” filed on Nov. 4, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for reconfiguring and adapting hardware, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,878, titled “Systems and Methods for Reconfiguring and Adapting Hardware in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for optimizing the gathering of data, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/253,249, titled “Systems and Methods for Optimizing Data Gathering in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 10, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for performing delay tolerant networking, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,421, titled “Systems and Methods for Delay Tolerant Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 19, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for improving the coverage and throughput of mobile access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/265,267, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Coverage and Throughput of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 9, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for coordinating channel utilization, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/270,858, titled “Channel Coordination in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for implementing a network coded mesh network in the network of moving things, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,854, titled “Systems and Methods for Network Coded Mesh Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 20, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for improving the coverage of fixed access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/260,749, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Fixed Access Point Coverage in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 30, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing mobility controllers and their network interactions, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,715, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility Controllers and Their Network Interactions in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing and/or triggering handovers of mobile access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/281,432, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing and Triggering Handovers of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 21, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for performing captive portal-related control and management, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/268,188, titled “Captive Portal-related Control and Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 16, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for extrapolating high-value data, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/270,678, titled “Systems and Methods to Extrapolate High-Value Data from a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for providing remote software updating and distribution, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/272,750, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Software Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 30, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for providing remote configuration updating and distribution, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,662, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Configuration Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 14, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for adapting the network, for example automatically, based on user feedback, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,243, titled “Systems and Methods for Adapting a Network of Moving Things Based on User Feedback,” filed on Jan. 22, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for enhancing and/or guaranteeing data integrity when building or performing data analytics, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,764, titled “Systems and Methods to Guarantee Data Integrity When Building Data Analytics in a Network of Moving Things,” Jan. 14, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for performing self-initialization and/or automated bootstrapping of mobile access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,515, titled “Systems and Methods for Self-Initialization and Automated Bootstrapping of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 25, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing power supply and/or utilization, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/295,602, titled “Systems and Methods for Power Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 16, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for automating and easing the installation and setup of the infrastructure, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/299,269, titled “Systems and Methods for Automating and Easing the Installation and Setup of the Infrastructure Supporting a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 24, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In summary, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems and methods for supporting a network of mobile nodes, for example comprising a combination of mobile and stationary nodes. As a non-limiting example, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems, and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable communication network comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things). While the foregoing has been described with reference to certain aspects and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular example(s) disclosed, but that the disclosure will include all examples falling within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of estimating a number of passengers of a vehicle, using characteristics of active wireless communication sessions with a wireless access point of the vehicle, the method comprising: maintaining a list comprising, for each active wireless communication session between a corresponding communication device of a user and the wireless access point, a collection of characteristics representative of the respective active wireless communication session; determining whether at least one condition of performing an estimate of the number of passengers has occurred; estimating the number of passengers of the vehicle, if the at least one condition has occurred, wherein estimating comprises: assigning a value of zero to a count of communication devices moving with the vehicle, for each active wireless communication session in the list, analyzing the collection of characteristics by: determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, using the corresponding collection of characteristics; and incrementing the count of communication devices, if the corresponding communication device is determined to be moving with the vehicle, and setting the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle to be the count of communication devices; and one or both of reporting the number of passengers of the vehicle to a cloud-based system that manages the wireless access point and adjusting wireless access point availability for the vehicle according to the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle comprises: calculating a total amount of time elapsed during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total amount of time is greater than a threshold amount of time.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle comprises: calculating a total distance traveled by the vehicle during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total distance traveled is greater than a threshold distance.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises one or both of a time at which the wireless communications session began and a time at which the wireless communications session ended.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises geographic coordinates of one or more locations of the vehicle during the active communication session.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises an identifier of the communication device of the user, one or more data samples representative of a strength of a radio frequency signal received from the communication device of the user by the wireless access point during the active communication session, and a rate of movement of the vehicle at one or more geographic locations during the active communication session.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one condition comprises one or more conditions selected from the following: a specified time of day has occurred, a specified period of time has elapsed, a specified distance has been traveled by the vehicle, and the vehicle has arrived at a specified geographic location.
 8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having a plurality of code sections, each code section having stored thereon a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors, wherein the execution of the instructions causes the one or more processors to perform a method of estimating a number of passengers of a vehicle, using characteristics of active wireless communication sessions with a wireless access point of the vehicle, the steps of the method comprising: maintaining a list comprising, for each active wireless communication session between a corresponding communication device of a user and the wireless access point, a collection of characteristics representative of the respective active wireless communication session; determining whether at least one condition of performing an estimate of the number of passengers has occurred; estimating the number of passengers of the vehicle, if the at least one condition has occurred, wherein estimating comprises: assigning a value of zero to a count of communication devices moving with the vehicle, for each active wireless communication session in the list, analyzing the collection of characteristics by: determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, using the corresponding collection of characteristics; and incrementing the count of communication devices, if the corresponding communication device is determined to be moving with the vehicle, and setting the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle to be the count of communication devices; and one or both of reporting the number of passengers of the vehicle to a cloud-based system that manages the wireless access point and adjusting wireless access point availability for the vehicle according to the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle.
 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 8, wherein determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle comprises: calculating a total amount of time elapsed during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total amount of time is greater than a threshold amount of time.
 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 8, wherein determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle comprises: calculating a total distance traveled by the vehicle during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total distance traveled is greater than a threshold distance.
 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 8, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises one or both of a time at which the wireless communications session began and a time at which the wireless communications session ended.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 8, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises geographic coordinates of one or more locations of the vehicle during the active communication session.
 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 8, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises an identifier of the communication device of the user, one or more data samples representative of a strength of a radio frequency signal received from the communication device of the user by the wireless access point during the active communication session, and a rate of movement of the vehicle at one or more geographic locations during the active communication session.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 8, wherein the at least one condition comprises one or more conditions selected from the following: a specified time of day has occurred, a specified period of time has elapsed, a specified distance has been traveled by the vehicle, and the vehicle has arrived at a specified geographic location.
 15. A system for estimating a number of passengers of a vehicle, using characteristics of active wireless communication sessions with a wireless access point of the vehicle, the system comprising: one or more processors operably coupled to at least one radio frequency communication interface and to storage for storing instructions executable by the one or more processors, the one or more processors operable to: maintain a list comprising, for each active wireless communication session between a corresponding communication device of a user and the wireless access point, a collection of characteristics representative of the respective active wireless communication session; determine whether at least one condition of performing an estimate of the number of passengers has occurred; estimate the number of passengers of the vehicle, if the at least one condition has occurred, wherein estimating comprises: assigning a value of zero to a count of communication devices moving with the vehicle, for each active wireless communication session in the list, analyzing the collection of characteristics by: determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, using the corresponding collection of characteristics; and incrementing the count of communication devices, if the corresponding communication device is determined to be moving with the vehicle, and setting the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle to be the count of communication devices; and one or both of reporting the number of passengers of the vehicle to a cloud-based system that manages the wireless access point and adjusting wireless access point availability for the vehicle according to the estimated number of passengers of the vehicle.
 16. The system according to claim 15, wherein determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle comprises: calculating a total amount of time elapsed during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total amount of time is greater than a threshold amount of time.
 17. The system according to claim 15, wherein determining whether the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle comprises: calculating a total distance traveled by the vehicle during the active communication session; and determining that the communication device corresponding to the active communication session is moving with the vehicle, if the total distance traveled is greater than a threshold distance.
 18. The system according to claim 15, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises one or both of a time at which the wireless communications session began and a time at which the wireless communications session ended.
 19. The system according to claim 15, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises geographic coordinates of one or more locations of the vehicle during the active communication session.
 20. The system according to claim 15, wherein the collection of characteristics comprises an identifier of the communication device of the user, one or more data samples representative of a strength of a radio frequency signal received from the communication device of the user by the wireless access point during the active communication session, and a rate of movement of the vehicle at one or more geographic locations during the active communication session.
 21. The system according to claim 15, wherein the at least one condition comprises one or more conditions selected from the following: a specified time of day has occurred, a specified period of time has elapsed, a specified distance has been traveled by the vehicle, and the vehicle has arrived at a specified geographic location. 